Executive Summary Expedia vs Priceline Essay

Expedia and Priceline are the main rivals of the online travel administration. With movement being one of the Internets most smoking items, these two organizations have been in rivalry for the top spot. The two organizations offer extraordinary arrangements on inns, vehicle rentals, and in particular travel housing. The money related post online talked with Expedia’s overseeing chief Sean Shannon about how he keeps the online travel superstore one of a kind. He noticed that they â€Å"invest a ton in innovation and programming journalists and coders, who work to make the shopping experience better and make sense of approaches to remain on top of things (Ovsey, 2001).† With the two organizations arriving at new statures of Internet achievement, the should be educated regarding each other’s business strategies and thoughts is significant. Numerous clients of both Expedia and Priceline as of now had a joined travel office that would ordinarily have dealt with their itinerary items. At the point when the Internet blast detonated, organizations, for example, Microsoft hopped on having a movement office on the web. The Wall Street Journal Online Edition affirms this requirement for innovation by writing about the company’s cooperation in J.P. Morgan’s yearly telecom gathering. The Wall Street Journal concurs, â€Å"Expedia, Inc. is the biggest online travel organization on the planet, with a broad brand portfolio that incorporates a portion of the world’s driving on the web travel brands (â€Å"Expedia, inc. to,† 2013).† This would empower another client base that would advance Internet deals, and a simpler lifestyle for visit voyagers. Selling focuses for both of these organizations is critical, as the progress from a physical organization to an online organization was a hard move. These organizations have not exclusively been in rivalry for more than 10 years, yet they have helped benefits each year. The Atlantic Online posted a conclusion about Priceline in 2010 with respect to the achievement of the online travel organization contrasted with that of Expedia. They expressed, â€Å"Priceline’s stock cost is up very nearly 90 percent, while its rivals have level lined (Expedia) (Madrigal, 2010).† This shows the client, that despite the fact that these organizations are in rivalry, they have done alright to withstand numerous monetary high points and low points throughout the years. The significance of dependability and development throughout the years is essential to a customer who merits quality in buying possibly high dollar things. The accompanying report points of interest the money related reports from the most recent three years for the two organizations. This gives built up confirmation that the two organizations are flourishing in what they do.

Native Americans in the United States and Pocahontas Life Essay

This book was the bases and the most instructive piece I have seen on an audit of Pocahontas life in my viewpoint. Pocahontas life is a troublesome bit of history to examination for the way that her life is just signified by different people of history works. She has no known bit of composing of her own so all information is close to home based of outside gatherings. This makes it for some of the time hard to genuinely think everything for a considerable lot of the perspectives were from white men during a timeframe where they had not seen numerous females weren’t around. I accept the writer postulation of the book for the Pocahontas part was her association with the English and her development for an amazing duration. The different postulation of the book from the Powhatan side was there inclusion with the English too and there plan to utilize the way of life and yet drive them away. Inside the initial five section of Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma it gives you a base audit of history. This initial segment of the book it clarifies the way of life of the Powhatan and how they are spread out. Now in the book inside the main section we discover that Pocahontas is just 9 years old and her mom is mysteriously absent, however her dad is Powhatan the head of numerous local individuals and towns. It discusses the appearance of English in 1603 and we discover that numerous boats have preceded us really being to discuss John Smith and Jamestown. It additionally notice the appearance of Don Luis and the Spanish, however doesn’t dive into much detail he just appears to spring up with the initial scarcely any sections her and there. We discover that Pocahontas name implies â€Å"mischief† or the â€Å"little fun loving one. † The creator reveals to us that the local were not totally not quite the same as the Europeans essentially out of date. We additionally discover that inside the local culture of the Powhatan that there boss don't originate from the following up child, however from marriage of the little girls. We likewise discover that the Europeans felt that the ladies of the clans should be spared because of their work in the fields and different employments around the town. It talks about the native’s religion of their confidence in spirits inside everything. John Smith becomes an integral factor in 1606 when the English start to get ready for the Virginia crusade. What I gain from John Smith was that he was a skipper that has been caught a great deal and has various accounts of being spared by ladies that fall scurrilous in affection with. As children watching movies and stories we are recounted Pocahontas is her and John Smith experience passionate feelings for, yet at the hour of them meeting Pocahontas would’ve been ten years old. The plans of the English and John Smith was to: improve local culture, utilize the land appropriately, arrive before the Spanish, and bring English illuminate, and a spot to send the jobless English. One of the primary feelings of trepidation that I read about in the perusing was the dread of the English to become like the Indians. The term we learned in class for this is recolonization. After the arrival John Smith gets taken by the Powhatan and persuade them not to execute him by method of exchange. He guarantees them weapons which out of smarts gives them a gun which can't be moved. Both the local and the English understand the need of each. Without each other the English couldn't get by without food and the locals need weapons or simpler put there innovation. After some time numerous English were sent to live with locals to gain proficiency with their way of life and a local would be sent with the English. The most remarkable was Pocahontas herself was sent with the English to gain proficiency with their language and way of life. The book discusses Pocahontas marriage first to a local warrior, yet it neglects to make reference to what befalls him. She later weds John Rolfe an English man who experience a great part of the converse colonization. Before her marriage however Pocahontas was abducted one of the principle characters they investigated her seizing was Sir Thomas Dale who was the primary Marshall of Virginia. Pocahontas would proclaim herself a Christian in 1616 and afterward start her existence with John. They would construct a sign on the land John was allowed from the Virginia Company. They would have two youngsters together in the course of their life. Not long after being settled in there Pocahontas would go to London and experience genuine English culture. Pocahontas would turn out to be extremely sick around the time the Rolfe family was prepared to make a beeline for Virginia. Pocahontas kicked the bucket on March 21, 1617 in the Rolfe motel. What I gained from this book for somebody of her timeframe and of local culture Pocahontas got the chance to see significantly more than any Native American of her timespan without a doubt. I discovered that a lot of what we were instructed or recounted her in are youth wasn't right. I discovered that john smith stories couldn't be trusted. The inclination I get too is Pocahontas dismissed her way of life and clan, however consequently was most likely dismissed in a manner because of her mom circumstance. In spite of the fact that she may have be regal in a manner just from a portion of the data I read. The book was acceptable however and I delighted in the demand of Pocahontas life.

Compulsory Vaccination of Children Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Compulsory Vaccination of Children. Answer: Monstrous battles have been mounted against polio around the globe over for quite a long time (Chaturvedi et al., 2009). The endeavors have required an admirable decrease in polio cases to a tune of 98%; from a speculated 3,500 cases every year 10 years back, just 37 cases were accounted for a year ago. Be that as it may, there are still pockets of polio cases being accounted for every year in certain nations, for example, Pakistan (Obregn et al., 2016). 1 in each 200 instances of polio brings about irreversible loss of motion. Around 5-10% of those deadened kick the bucket when their breathing muscles become immobilized. Inoculation of kids against most infections is to a great extent deliberate except for a couple including polio (Mangrio, Alam Shaikh, 2008). The example of overcoming adversity of compulsory inoculation against polio is brimming with intriguing exciting bends in the road. Obligatory vaccination appreciates the help of defenders; it likewise draws the vast majority of its investigates of society and religion (Jegede, 2007). This article investigates the obstacles obligatory inoculation of kids against polio has experienced in Pakistan. Pakistan is a war-torn country. Its economy is battling, best case scenario. Like its neighbors, the greater part of its nationals live in servile destitution (Khan Qazi, 2013). Preventable transmittable sicknesses are regular in the populace living beneath a dollar for every day. As indicated by the WHO (2015), there is a requirement for a solid political will to ensure that a large number of Pakistan youngsters get inoculated. Measurements uncover that a little more than 3,000,000 Pakistan youngsters do no finish their inoculation plan every year, rendering them powerless to dangerous preventable maladies. Pakistans inoculation inclusion fluctuates the country over with certain locales scoring inadequately; less that half of the youngsters being completely vaccinated against lethal ailments, for example, lockjaw, measles, and polio are a few regions (WHO, 2015). A significant level crucial the WHO and UNICEF communicated worries that the Pakistan Government was not moving with the necessary speed to actualize inoculation suggestions. The crucial promised support for the vaccination program. As indicated by these specialists, it is a catastrophe when kids die of preventable infections. A huge number of lives of kids across Pakistan are put in danger every day because of restricted access antibodies. The destruction of smallpox is credited to compulsory inoculation around the world. Under the suggestion of the WHO and the CDC, most governments enacted in managing episodes in the zones of their ward (Khowaja, Khan, Nizam, Omer Zaidi, 2012). The Pakistan government should allow its neighborhood governments to settle on choices concerning turning out polio immunization drives in the zones of their locale. Such drives can focus on every powerless individual, for this situation, kids. Nonetheless, special cases must be made for the individuals who are probably going to exhibit against such projects. Until such when all populaces in danger have been immunized against, obligatory immunization ought to be the best approach to in Pakistan. This is a practical and neighborly way to deal with forestalling polio and comparable transmittable infections. Moreover, it ought to be a piece of the overall population wellbeing strategy. Usually, inoculation programs are accomplished through the joined endeavors of state substances that generally create and suggest immunizations (Cole Swendiman, 2015). This is made conceivable with the help of governing bodies and neighborhood sheets of wellbeing. It isn't completely exact to term it obligatory inoculation in light of the fact that the Pakistan government can't criminally rebuff guardians and gatekeepers for not carrying their youngsters to the medical clinic for immunization or necessarily subject kids to immunization. As another option, the administration can ideally allow school enrolment when guardians give verification of immunization polio (Nishtar, 2010). Be that as it may, the legislature should screen the circumstance cautiously on the grounds that underhanded guardians can settle on self-teaching on the off chance that they which to sidestep the immunization necessities. What's more, the Pakistan specialists must know and prepared to concede inoculation exc eptions under strict and philosophical expectations. Moreover, exclusions should likewise be made for the individuals who can't be immunized for clinical reasons (Swendiman, 2011; Warraich, 2009). The connection between enlistment in schools and inoculation arrangements should be clarified. Pakistan wellbeing authorities entrusted with shielding the general population with from the perils of polio need to understand that mass immunization is a certain method of accomplishing adequate degrees of populace invulnerability enough to contain potential episodes even with the presence of pockets of unvaccinated kids among the populace. This is upheld the standard of group invulnerability. Immunization without anyone else is unequipped for yielding 100% resistance against a sickness. In certain examples, inoculated people despite everything contract ailments (Closser, 2010). In any case, in light of crowd insusceptibility is a sufficient number of individuals in a populace are immunized; the entire populace stops to be defenseless against the ailment. In this light, mass inoculation not just should be viewed as an individual clinical decision yet additionally as an endeavor to make su re about the wellbeing of the whole populace. Following the prevalence of open tutoring, numerous legislatures picked to condition school participation to little pox inoculation. Towards the finish of the last 50% of the only remaining century, numerous legislatures had grasped this training. The equivalent should be possible for polio. The Pakistan government can restrict school enlistment to youngsters who have been immunized against polio not except if adequate clinical confirmation has been given to coordinate in any case. Embracing this approach is sensible when we consider the increased danger of transferable illnesses in restricted asset settings, for example, Pakistan. By ordering the immunization during school enlistment, the specialists would ensure that the most youthful populace inoculated at first turns into the most seasoned in the public arena (Mushtaq et al., 2010; Khan et al, 2015). Inoculation programs have confronted difficulties in both the lawful and social fronts for quite a long time. A portion of the scrutinizes have refered to individual freedoms and conceivable diminished adequacy of the immunizations. In the mid nineteenth C, courts naturally pushed for the selection of obligatory inoculation bundles and the distribution of capacity to nearby specialists. All the more remarkably, to tear the capability of compulsory inoculation arrangement, teaching people in general on the significance of such decisions (Modlin, 2010; Mushtaq et al., 2010; Khan et al., 2015). It has been contended that anticipation of future pestilences lies with utilizing current innovation. Along these lines the advances in horticulture have spared more lives that those guaranteed by wars, governments are confronted with the problem of whether to make it obligatory for their kin to be mandatorily inoculated. It isn't deniable that there is a couple of reactions inoculation. It is additionally not deniable that inoculations might be repudiating the strict and the philosophical wishes of specific individuals. They ought to be as yet compulsory thinking about that the advantages exceed the mishaps. People in general gets the chance to be secured, the reactions are insignificant, and future scourges are deflected (Mushtaq et al., 2010; Khan et al., 2015). Inoculations expand general wellbeing and make a general public where individuals are dealt with similarly and allowed to carry on with a sound life. Regardless of the contention reactions, no huge examinations have been led to evidence that they happen. In an examination led in Britain, just 28 instances of 10 million inoculations against pig influenza detailed reactions. Indeed, incredible day in the day for countless reasons. In any case, individuals will in general be on high ready when the passings happen around the hour of vaccinations. It is as of now that individuals toss around theories that are not established on science and along these lines deceiving general society. All things considered, the extreme impacts professed to exude from inoculations might be hard to be demonstrated in light of the fact that numerous different variables can cause such responses. Ruling against vaccinating kids involves facing an a lot greater challenge. On the off chance that such kids interac t with polio-tainted kids, the capability of contracting polio is essentially high. In the monetary front, vaccinated individuals scarcely miss school or work since they barely fall wiped out; consequently helping the general public to develop socially and financially (Kazi, Khalid Kazi, 2014). As it has been appeared by a portion of the world most noteworthy thinkers, antibodies secure the option to live. On grounds implicit understanding, it is feasible for individuals to give up a portion of their opportunities to state specialists to take into account the security major interests. Polio immunization should be one of such occasions. While obligatory immunization may disregard one strict or philosophical view or want, the assurance of the privilege to life ought to be preeminent. People entrusted with polio immunization in Pakistan need to make the investigates mindful that the sacredness of life is incomparable over different needs and perspectives. One must be alive to request fundamental human rights and express perspectives and want of religion and philosophical tendencies. What's more, the craving not to be immunized damages both the individual and other people who have not been inoculated yet want to be inoculated. Somebody might be too sluggish to even consider goi ng out to emergency clinics and wellbeing places for inoculation. Such individuals, if not compelled to go for immunization, they can spread the illness to other people. On the off chance that it is surrendered over to them, they will never pull out all the stops, all things considered, a slight push to experience required immunization is to their greatest advantage and the general public (O'Reilly et al., 012). History has demonstrated that inoculation is the surest method of forestalling pandemics later on. The advanced world is liberated from pestilences of past infections, for example, smallpox. This is on the grounds that administrations made it obligatory for their residents to und

An Analysis Of Environmental Toxicology Environmental Sciences Essay

An Analysis Of Environmental Toxicology Environmental Sciences Essay Ecological Toxicology is a quickly creating field worried about the examination how normal and man-had contaminations effect the wellbeing of people, untamed life, and entire environments. It includes utilization of an assortment of procedures to contemplate the effect of harmful specialists on living life forms and gives integral assets to evaluating the dangers related with the nearness of these operators. It draws on an assortment of logical orders to depict, measure, clarify and anticipate the seriousness and recurrence of unfriendly impacts on living beings because of natural toxicant introduction. Contamination, consumption of assets and crumbling of biological capacities are of worldwide, provincial and neighborhood concerns. Ecological toxicology presents numerous down to earth applications to these issues. The discoveries are utilized by government offices to set new contamination control measures and to break down the seriousness of harm in an environment and build up the s harpest approaches to tidying it up. Land improvement organizations may likewise work with natural toxicologists to put forth sure that clearing and development attempts are as ecologically amicable as could reasonably be expected. It includes testing soil, water, and air tests to search for the source contamination, and utilize their discoveries to more readily comprehend wellbeing impacts on local species. Pakistan, as creating nation, is confronting difficulties with various genuine ecological issues, for example, degeneration of common assets, mechanical and vehicular contamination, contamination of seaside condition, decay of human wellbeing. Summing up in monetary terms, the yearly expense of ecological disparagement in the nation is about 4.3 % of GDP (US $ 4.3 billion). This workshop is about the developing measure of contamination in Pakistan. Analyzes discoveries of various investigations demonstrating that wellbeing is as a rule unfavorably influenced by an assortment of ecological contaminants. The above circumstance has emerged because of various elements including high populace development rate, winning destitution, impromptu urban and mechanical extension, deficient accentuation on ecological security in the administration arrangements, absence of open mindfulness and instruction and absence of institutional limit and assets for powerful natural administration. To forestall proceeded with ecological corruption and the decrease of human natural wellbeing, cooperations between human, other living life forms and the earth must be in agreement. This is feasible through a coordinated, all encompassing methodology incorporating training and research exercises in characteristic sciences, financial and political variables with innovative, monetary and socio-social intercessions. Expanding consciousness of ecological corruption is bringing about multiplication of natural enactment all through the world. This drive towards more prominent natural security has made an interest for researchers talented in surveying ecological assets and all the more critically the issues related with their misuse. Natural appraisal might be required to assess the organic, physical or hydrological assets of any condition, and to put these assets inside a more extensive geological setting. This workshop is a push to give a wide establishment of logical based abilities to develop, preparing natural callings, especially in regions identifying with ecological security and the board. Moreover, the national and worldwide prerequisites have been under worry for better natural administration understanding the between connection between feasible monetary turn of events and ecological security. Introductory statements from Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf, Chairman division of pharmacology and toxicology/the Director Research UVAS, were trailed by that of Prof. Dr. Mohammad Nawaz, Vice chancellor UVAS, and Prof. Dr. Mrs. Kausar Jamal Cheema, Dean Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, every one of whom stressed the significance to use the aggregate knowledge in arrangement of improved strategies for harmfulness evaluation and discerning methods for assessing wellbeing hazard so as to elevate general wellbeing and to give a superior and more secure condition to forestall medical issues before they happen. They included further it is our strategic train new ecological toxicologists and address appropriate natural toxicology inquiries through instruction and research in zones, for example, concoction destiny, bioavailability, organic impact, toxicokinetics, and systems of activity. An attention on interdisciplinary methodologies and logical abilities is maj or to our instruction and research exercises. Dr. Sohail Ejaz (co-creator of this report), PhD, University of Cambridge, UK co-ordinator and workshop coordinator introduced on the imaginative appraisal strategies for assessing effect of Air Pollution upon Neuroinflammatory ailments of Central sensory system and how these investigations could be executed in our research centers. New measurements have been added to the variety of result measures. Clinical results examine now perceives that patient prosperity ought to be comprehensively conceptualized and estimated thoroughly, notwithstanding thinking about the natural procedure of the infection itself. Subsequently, wellbeing related personal satisfaction, the impression of prosperity, is currently viewed as a fundamental segment of results look into. Toxicologic investigations have likewise picked up in modernity through consolidation of increasingly delicate pointers of impact and the cautious following of the connection among introduction and naturally important portions to tar get destinations, which may now be considered at a sub-atomic level. He additionally gave an outline of all his examination exercises directed at Department of Clinical Neuroscience and how to function upon such strategies in our nation with scarced assets and what focuses to be accomplished further to defeat ecological contamination issues in Pakistan. Dr. Sohail Ejaz conclude to create and bolster inquire about projects, outreach and different administrations that address basic issues in natural wellbeing and toxicology. A universal speaker Prof. Dr. Gerry Amor Camer, Dean, College of Veterinary Medicine from University of Eastern Philippines, communicated through video conferencing office. He shared his amazing exploration take a shot at tissue toxicology and introduced a discussion on Understanding the pathology of tissues presented to different poisons and toxins. Evaluation of the ecological impacts of synthetic compounds is muddled as it relies upon the life forms tried and includes the harmfulness of individual synthetic compounds, yet in addition their intelligent impacts, genotoxicity, mutagenecity and immunotoxicity testing. He further expounded that various stressors influence nature and now and again when demonstrating synergistic impacts they become hard to measure or anticipate their individual impacts. In this manner, there is a need to comprehend the toxicant impacts at sub-atomic levels to foresee their belongings and existing methods to be continually altered to give better methods f or their measurement. Dr. Zulfiqar Ali, Department of untamed life and biology, UVAS, introduced on Sources and Health impacts of various Air poisons. The components for demonstrating and understanding the destiny of air contaminations through environmental vehicle, statement into water and soil, bioaccumulation, and extreme take-up to receptor organs and frameworks in the human body are mind boggling. These require increasingly trial and hypothetical improvements so as to deliver approaches for portrayal and fitting procedures and examines for screening so as to recognize the unsafe specialists and keep them from arriving at delicate endpoints. This class and workshop gave specialists from all over Pakistan a thorough stage where all aspects of natural contamination as it exists in our nation to be completely investigated and a gathering to these experts and analysts to talk about and present most recent research patterns and results in the field of Toxicology. Such activities help to help the examination, investigation, and arrangement of natural issues which are eventually influencing the soundness of people, creatures, plants, soils and over all eco-framework uprightness. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf featured diverse research exercises rendered by the branch of Pharmacology and Toxicology in the ongoing years at his foundation. He talked about the foundation of new labs at the division a push to open entryways to numerous new measurements subsequently advancing the progression and utilization of logical research identified with the contaminants. This incorporated the foundation of Angiogenesis Toxicology lab (ATRL) and a Ne uropharmacology lab in the staff a dynamic advance for Applied Neuropharmacology Cancer look into. He explained further that our examination intends to decide how ecological toxins cooperate with cell capacities and offer ascent to dependable unfavorable wellbeing impacts in vertebrates including people. We are especially intrigued by harmful impacts that focus on the hormone framework, the conceptive framework and the early mental health and different frameworks in vertebrates. Chemical catalyzed enactment in target cells and tissues and receptor-interceded reactions are significant zones of research. With a presentation of these labs, it is likewise an exertion in pulling in exceptionally excellent understudies across Pakistan and outside qualified and pertinent employees to take lead on suitable research ventures expected to address our nation explicit issues. Speakers from different colleges and Govt. offices introduced their exploration activities and research papers. Mr. Khaleeq Anwar, PhD Scholar, introduced his work on Impact of Automobile rickshaw on Public wellbeing. He introduced proof that Automobile rickshaws are among one of the significant wellsprings of air contamination in Pakistan, contaminants discharged from them incorporate the mama

Finds Admission Essay Writing Help Online - How to Write a Persuasive College Admissions Essay

Finds Admission Essay Writing Help Online - How to Write a Persuasive College Admissions EssayIf you are working on an admissions essay for college, it is most likely that you are trying to write a persuasive essay. You want to convince your readers that your talents and experience are just what they need to get into that particular school. By understanding this particular area of writing, you can write a stronger, more successful essay that will persuade people to believe in you. There are different approaches you can take to this particular goal.For the admission essay, try to make your personal statement concise and informative. This will ensure that your information is presented in the right way. You should also be able to tell how much your experiences relate to their personal statement. Describe the specific part that will bring them closer to you, and they will feel as if they are part of your group. The goal is to create a picture in their minds of you as a person they can do business with.When you are working on your admissions essay, always try to use the first-person style. This is a great way to get your point across and make your reader believe in you. As you begin your own personal statement, make sure you personalize everything. Write down all of your thoughts and feelings regarding each topic.By starting your personal statement in the third person, you allow your reader to get a full picture of you and your personality. Always use this format throughout your essay, including when writing about other people. This way, you can write with your audience in mind and get them to relate to you.For interview questions, be sure to ask open-ended questions to move your story along. Create a whole scene that follows a story line. The points you are trying to make should always follow through on the story line you have set up.When writing on essays for admission, be sure to take note of all of the other students' writing style, and work to copy their style in order to be a better writer. Use this as a guide in your essay. When writing in a new style, make sure to do your research on the topic in order to gain knowledge from others.Write your essay as if you were speaking directly to a college student. Be honest and be direct. The more directly you approach this task, the more chances you have of writing a quality essay. Use the guidelines mentioned above in composing your essay.Finally, before you turn in your essay for writing help, make sure you take some time to prepare it thoroughly. Use the material as a reference, and make sure you understand what you are writing. Before you begin, write a few extra pages so you can save it if you find yourself getting stuck.

The Relativism of Reality in Faulkners As I Lay Dying - Literature Essay Samples

Its like it aint so much what a fellow does, but it the way the majority of folks is looking at him when he does it, (Faulkner, 233). In William Faulkners As I Lay Dying, an obvious discrepancy exists between death and birth and between words and thoughts that ultimately changes the way events are perceived. Peabody articulates that death does not take any one form but rather takes different forms based on different perspectives. He says, I can remember how when I was young I believed death to be a phenomenon of the body; now I know it to be merely a function of the mind, (44). This forms the philosophy that seemingly concrete events like birth, death and the life in between are not absolute at all. Rather emotions shape them into unique events which vary from person to person. Through the insights of his characters Faulkner also seems to suggest that words do not mean the same thing to everyone. Rather each persons unique perceptions give different meaning to the same words. T his is another way in which reality, in this case the reality of language, varies. Ultimately, through multiple contradictions, through the primacy of the individual and through a divergence from expected emotional reactions, Faulkner relates his theory that reality is indefinite and that individual perceptions and emotions, not merely facts, shape reality.Faulkner uses his characters as vehicles to express the belief that reality and events are indefinite and are formed based on emotions and individual perspectives as much as on actual facts. Faulkner develops this theme primarily around Darls presumed insanity and the varying reactions to it. Darl has an uncanny ability to sense his siblings personal feelings and to take on their personalities. Thus, his reaction to his own insanity eerily mimics the reactions of his siblings. In his final appearance he proclaims, Darl is our brother, our brother Darl. Our brother Darl in a cage in Jackson where, his grimed hands lying light in the quiet interstices, looking out he foams. Yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes,' (254). Having a jarringly similar reaction, Vardaman represents the impressionable masses of society as a whole. Young and innocent, Vardaman has no solid opinions of his own but rather takes on the opinions of the majority around him. Vardaman perceives Darls insanity in a much more black and white manner. He states quite simply; Darl is my brother. Darl went crazy, (250). This lies in direct contrast to Cashs much more philosophical reaction. For it remains Cash who asserts most lucidly that, Its like it aint so much what a fellow does, but its in the way the majority of folk is looking at him when he does it, (233). He also declares that, Sometimes I aint so sho whos got ere a right to say when a man is crazy and when he aint. Sometimes I think it aint none of us pure crazy and aint none of us pure sane until the balance of us talk him that-a-way, (233). Thus, he summarizes Faulkners beli ef that reality, in this case the reality of Darls madness, is only reality if ones perceptions deem it so. Otherwise reality becomes complete falsity. Jewel once again stands apart from the rest of the family. He feels little guilt, sorrow or remorse for Darls virtual imprisonment, saying to Darl straightforwardly, You goddamn lying son of a bitch, (213). These widely varying reactions to Darls insanity prove that reality maintains no definite form but rather varies based on each individuals emotions or perceptions.Words, as used in As I Lay Dying, do not often accurately reflect the impressions or the implications that the character tries to convey through them. Thus, the perceived precision of words diminishes and reality becomes more abstract. Words are definite in their tangible form. However, words attain meaning only through the personal connotations that are attached to them. As Addie declares, That was when I learned that words are no good; that words dont ever fit even what they are trying to say at, (171). Communication between the characters seems most effective when words are not used at all, further emphasizing the ineffectiveness of words. For example, during the conversation between Dewey Dell and Darl regarding her pregnancy, words are never spoken aloud. This nonverbal conversation not only seems more effective in conveying its meaning but Dewey Dell also expresses that had it been spoken aloud, she would not have believed it. This again suggests the fallibility of words. Dewey Dell articulates, It was then, and then I saw Darl and he knew. He said he knew without words . . . and I knew he knew because if he had said he knew with the words I would not have believed that he had been there and saw us, (27). This apparent ineffectiveness of words forces the reader to observe the uncertainty of events in life; events which are based on individual reactions to a situation as opposed to a factual meaning.Each characters different reac tion to Addies death illustrates Faulkners concept of the primacy of the individual. Their words reflect different responses thus proving that similar words and similar events have very diverse connotations. Vardamans inability to cope with the reality of Addies death underscores his childish, often naive reaction, to many different events. His reaction seems to be the one that is the most out of touch with true reality. He mumbles, My mother is a fish, (84) and, It is cut up into pieces of not-fish now, not-blood on my hands and overalls, (53). He also reacts by denying the physical death of his mother by asserting, My mother is not in the box. My mother does not smell like that. My mother is a fish, (196). While this seems ludicrous, its clarity appears if one observes it in a more philosophical manner. Indeed, Addie does not lie in the box, but rather only her body lies in the box. The actual person, her spirit, swam away down the river. He cannot accept reality and t hus his fantasy becomes his reality. He truly believes that his mother is a fish and thus questions, Where is ma Darl? . . . You never got her. You know she is a fish but you let her get away, (151). Darls reaction to Addies death lies in stark contrast to Vardamans when he asserts that, Addie Bundren will not be. And Jewel is, so Addie Bundren must be. And then I must be, or I could not empty myself for sleep in a strange room. And so if I am not emptied yet, I am is, (81). Vardamans response seems much more philosophical and his reaction remains internalized. His inability to express his feelings in words reinforces the primacy of the internal individual as opposed to the physical world. Anse reacts by denying her illness altogether when he says, You lay you down and rest you, . . . I knowed you are not sick. You are just tired, (37). Finally, Cash has the most physical reaction to Addies death. He focuses exclusively on earthly concerns such as his tools and on the mec hanics of making the coffin. Cash proceeds to describe the construction of the coffin, the physical way in which he dealt with Addies death. He declares, I made it on a bevel . . . It makes a neater job, (82-3). He is the only one of the three sons who does not associate Addie with an imaginary entity or animal. Darl associates Addie with is was (101) and he associates Jewels mother with a horse (101). Finally, Vardaman associates Addie with a fish, (84). Cash never enters this conversation and thus appears more in touch with reality than the other characters. These vastly different reactions emphasize the primacy of the individual over one singular reality through multifaceted reactions to the same event.The uncertainty of reality and the varying views of one event surfaces again in the infamous river crossing scene. The even-keeled Tull lays out the facts quite simply, stating, Darl jumped out of the wagon and left Cash sitting there trying to save it the mules finally kick ed it loose, it looked for a minute like maybe Cash would get the wagon back, (152-4). He plays the role of the omniscient narrator, relating the story simply using the facts. This acts as a reference point for the narrations of the other characters, which are filled with emotion and discontinuity. The different characters accounts of the river crossing reflect the same emotions that each character feels towards Addies death. Vardaman, the character least in touch with reality, continues to be unable to separate himself from the idea of his mother existing still as a fish. He stays fixated upon the idea that Addie continues to live on Earth in a fishs body. Cash focuses entirely on earthly things like the coffin saying, It wasnt on balance. I told them that if they wanted it to tote and ride on a balance they would have to, (165). Finally, Darl seems to take on the feelings of each character. He seems slow to act and deliberate in his motions which reflects his reaction to Addies death, slow to accept her death and deliberate in overcoming it. The different accounts of the river crossing illustrate the likelihood of varying views of one event, thus making the existence of a singular reality problematic.A divergence from the typical emotions associated with birth exists. Societal norms dictate that a birth is a happy event. However, Addie and Dewey Dell display a divergence from reality because they feel that their aloneness has been violated by their unexpected pregnancies. Thus they feel anger instead of joy. Cora represents the typical, societal stereotype when she emphasizes, God gave you children to comfort your human lot and for a token of His own suffering and love, for in love you conceived and bore them, (166). Directly after Coras remarks come Addie and Dewey Dells sentiments of anger towards their children. Their remarks belie the traditional stereotypes of birth because of their past experiences and current situation. The pregnancy violates her aloneness in Dewey Dells mind and she laments, Its because I am alone. If I could just feel it, it would be different, because I would not be alone. But if I were not alone, everybody would know Then I could be all right alone, (59). Addies feelings of violation and anger mirror those of Dewey Dell. She testifies that, When he was born I knew that motherhood was invented by someone who had to have a word for it because the one that had the children didnt care whether there was a word for it or not, (172). Her anger also resurfaces when she laments, I knew that it had been, not that my aloneness had to be violated until Cash came, (172). Dewey Dells and Addies divergence from the normal sentiments of delight and joyfulness towards birth represents a further reflection of Faulkners philosophy that perceptions and emotions shape events in life.William Faulkner, in his novel As I Lay Dying expresses his belief that wildly different ideas, perceptions and emotions shap e life and make it indefinite. His characters all provide different accounts of the same basic event. Ultimately, the reader realizes that that a seemingly concrete event is not concrete at all but rather fluid and ever changing due to the varying perceptions of the characters involved. Through Addie Bundrens statement, That was when I learned that words are no good; that words dont ever fit even what they are trying to say at, (171), Faulkner also asserts that words have no meaning in their tangible, definite form but that personal emotions, perceptions, and experiences give them meaning. Even still, words remain indefinite and ever-changing in their meaning. Faulkner seems to stress the importance of open-mindedness by emphasizing the multifaceted descriptions of one, singular event. He seems to say that it is impossible to define life or reality because each human being defines it for himself. Faulkner implies that a man must keep an open mind and willingly accept all points of view. Ultimately, one realizes that the novel attempts to impart to the reader the belief that life is not concrete. Varying individual perspectives, atypical reactions to events and individual primacy shape reality. Thus no one reality exists but rather true reality is relative. As Peabody so lucidly asserts, reality, like death, is merely a function of the mind, (44).

The Use Of Native Advertising - 1288 Words

The use of native advertising, which is defined as advertising disguised as editorial content, has skyrocketed in the past few years. It is used everywhere, from magazines to social media. This has become more prevalent in recent years, especially on social media. However, ethical concerns have risen following the advent of mass use of native ads in mainstream media. The ethical concerns focus on the fact that many individuals cannot distinguish native ads from editorial content. As a result, the Federal Trade Commission has been adamant about regulating these ads through the release of native advertising guidelines in 2015. One of the central focuses of the guidelines is the labeling of native ads as advertising or sponsored†¦show more content†¦Pull out all the stops, have an adventure, and let Pepsi help you have a #realbigsummer! (BuzzFeed 2014).† Toward the end of the article, Pepsi was named again. â€Å"Stuck inside? No worries! You can still enjoy Pepsi’s Summer Solstice concert on 6/21 — Four outdoor concerts across the country from sunrise to sunset! Be sure to check out the livestream on Vevo.com featuring Timeflies, Kid Ink, Prince Royce, and more (BuzzFeed 2014)!† This is a clear example of a native ad. BuzzFeed often draws readers to its articles by the use of lists. This can distract readers from noticing that an ad is being presented to them. Advertising can be viewed as bothersome to many, but native advertising solves this issue (it is also important to note that BuzzFeed edited the article to show that it was sponsored by Pepsi after coming under fire for several FTC violations). Another advantage of the elusive appeal of native ads is the ability to subliminally present brands to increase engagement and sales for their products and services without annoying potential consumers. Subliminal messaging has been known as an effective method of influencing behavior. Although subliminal messaging was banned in the 1950’s, this provides a loophole for brands to influence behavior while flying under the radar of government regulation. Also, one factor that separatesShow MoreRelatedA New Modality Emerges : Native Advertising984 Words   |  4 Pagesinteract differently with brands since they use the web to communication, as they seek practical and effective solutions to their needs and problems; Base their choice on the information they get on websites, on the opinions of other consumers and the experience they offer them when consuming their products or services. As with sales, the less obvious you perceive the intention to sell, the more likely you must close a sale. This means that advertising should be subtler as an invitation and not asRead MoreDigital Marketing And Evolving Technologies Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pagesedge of technology. The communications technology explosion of the past 40 years has created a complete melding of technology and marketing. Technology not only needs marketing to identify customers and sell products, but marketing must optimize its use of technology to locate and target cust omers. Universities are offering degree programs in digital marketing. Digital marketing is the promotion of products, brands or services on one or more forms of electronic media, such as the internet, socialRead MoreThe Revenue Picture For American Journalism1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe Revenue Picture for American Journalism, and How It Is Changing 1. Advertising Still Dominates a. 69% of all domestic news revenue comes from advertising i. $43 billion of $63 b. Audience revenue accounts for 24% of the total revenue i. Subscriptions, cable fees, etc. c. Event hosting, marketing services and web consulting account for 7% of the total d. 1% total comes from Personal wealth, philanthropy 2. The Old and the New a. 58% combined digital and print ads i. Decline 2005: $49 billionRead MoreTop Trends Of Programmatic Advertising845 Words   |  4 PagesTop Trends in Programmatic It’s no secret that programmatic advertising continues to present broad appeal for marketers as they seek greater efficiencies in their advertising spends (need proof? see here, here and here). But while the technology helps reduce CPM costs, the marketer’s ultimate goal—connecting with and engaging consumers—remains more challenging than ever. It’s not difficult to see why. Consumers are moving continuously throughout each day among digital devices, making them an elusiveRead MoreAmericas Smoke Screen-Portion Essays1168 Words   |  5 Pagesexamine the history of the tobacco industry and its advertising campaigns from the 1920s to the present. Some of the issues discussed in this paper will include: What forms of mass communication has tobacco companies used to persuade the public, how changes in technology have influenced the way tobacco companies communicate with target audiences, and how the United States government restrictions affect the current efforts of tobacco companies advertising strategies. Other topics that this paper will expoundRead MoreMarketing Strategies In Marketing706 Words   |  3 Pageshere are some early previsions for marketing in the year to come: 1. Increase in the Use of Native Advertising: Native advertising is a form of marketing where content marketers use in-feed paid content to promote their products and services. This paid content could include Twitter tweets, Facebook posts and content recommendations on popular online platforms. It is projected that spending on native advertising will increase to $21 billion by 2018. 2. Continued Focus on Content Marketing - MostRead MoreThe Theory Of The Political Economy872 Words   |  4 Pagesstated as some content providers are shifting to – Facebook, Instagram, Buzzfeed (Castillo, 2014) –the use of native advertising is becoming more apparent and deceitful. The nature of this is that advertisements are now becoming the media content or part of it. Sponsored advertorials and product placement are some of the methods used, which is impacting the media content. It is when a piece of advertising and a media text are indistinguishable, that concerns arise. Content ownership and the hierarchyRead MoreCultural Appropriation in Advertising, Governments and Fashion1571 Words   |  7 PagesCULTURAL APPROPRIATION IN ADVERTISING, GOVERNMENTS AND FASHION TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS: Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS i. INTRODUCTION 1. CHAPTER 1: Cultural ownership- taboo. 2. CHAPTER 2: Freedom, Liberty and war inside a government. 3. CHAPTER 3: Native American for just a day. 4. CONCLUSION 5. LIST OF SOURCES 6. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE: Page Fig. 1. Howard Zieff, You don’t have to be Jewish toRead MoreEssay On Health Center Advertising And Marketing Trends793 Words   |  4 PagesHealthcare advertising and marketing has considered many changes over the final few years. main that charge has been the growth of digital tactics in healthcare advertising and marketing plans. Digital will continue to develop, and healthcare entrepreneurs need to understand what else is on the horizon. As 2017’s fourth quarter is looming larger and next 12 months’s advertising and marketing plans are sizzling topics, it’s no longer too late to analyze some of this yr’s key health center advertising andRead MoreBusiness Report : E Business1355 Words   |  6 Pagesintelligence as including the mental abilities needed for adaptation to, as fine as selection and determining of, any conservational situation. The biosphere of law enforcement intelligence has altered dramatically meanwhile September 11, 2001. State, native, and tribal law enforcement activities have been tasked by a variety of new errands; intelligence is just one. In adding, the intelligence punishment has evolved significantly in new year’s. As these numerous trends have compound, increasing statistics

How to Make a Marijuana Tincture

Making a marijuana tincture is an easy way to extract THC and cannabinoids from Cannabis. A tincture is an alcohol-based solution, used to extract organics from herbs and other plants. Tinctures are useful because they isolate certain compounds better than soaking or boiling herbs in water, the alcohol acts as a natural preservative, and medicinal tinctures often take effect more quickly than other administration routes, like eating, drinking, or smoking. Marijuana Tincture Materials A typical ratio of plant matter to alcohol would be 1 gram to 1 fluid ounce (35 ml) of alcohol. Up to 6 grams of Cannabis can be used, depending on your resources and how concentrated you want the end product to be. Do not use any other type of alcohol besides ethyl alcohol or ethanol (e.g., isopropyl alcohol or methyl alcohol), as these chemicals are toxic. Cannabis sativa bud, fresh or driedHigh-proof ethanolFlavoring (optional)Small glass jar with lidBrown or blue glass dropper bottle Everclear is a popular source of ethanol because it is so high in alcohol. 151 rum also works. Be sure to use food-quality ethanol, not denatured alcohol. Denatured alcohol contains contaminants that make it unsafe to drink. Lower concentrations of alcohol will not be as effective for the extraction or preservation. Basic Steps To Prepare a Cannabis Tincture Place the marijuana in the bottle.  Pour alcohol into the bottle, making certain to cover the plant matter.Seal the bottle. Place it in a warm location, out of direct sunlight.Give the alcohol mixture at least a day, but preferably longer than a week to soak. You can shake the bottle from time to time to ensure a good extraction of  the THC and other cannabinoids.Filter the liquid through a coffee filter to remove the solids and reserve the liquid in a dark-colored glass dropper bottle. Avoid using plastic, as the liquid may leach some undesirable compounds from the plastic into the tincture over time. Flavoring may be added to improve the taste of the tincture, if desired.A typical dose would be 3-5 drops, depending on how strong you made the tincture. Start with the minimum amount and see what works best for you. Fast Marijuana Tincture Recipe While the classic tincture instructions are fine, you can prepare a tincture much more quickly if youre willing to put in slightly more preparation time. Also, this method uses less source material (although the tincture is also less potent). This recipe produces an effective tincture in as little as an hour. The disadvantage of the method is that it uses heat, which can damage some of the many cannabinoids in Cannabis if you get carried away. Dont exceed the recommended temperature. Dry about 4-5 grams of a Cannabis sativa bud.Grind the material to increase surface area (speeds extraction).Bake the marijuana is a 240 F over (set for just under 250 F) for 30 minutes. This decarboxylates the matter, improving the extraction of desirable compounds while helping to eliminate unwanted chemicals. Both heat and alcohol can convert  the THCA molecules in the plant matter into active THC.Place the marijuana in 2 ounces of alcohol. Make sure it is covered and seal the container to prevent gas exchange with air.Place the container in a cool, dark location. The longer you allow for the alcohol to extract the cannabinoids, the more potent your tincture will be. You can watch the extraction progress as the color of the liquid changes from clear to green. Once the color is stable (up to 2 or 3 hours), filter the liquid using a coffee filter or cheesecloth. Of course, you can consider the tincture done sooner, but you may lose potency.Store the tincture in a dark glass droppe r bottle. While the alcohol preserves a tincture at room temperature, its fine to refrigerate it to further reduce the chance of mold or fungal growth. How to Use a Marijuana Tincture The ideal way to use this tincture is to apply drops sublingually (under your tongue). Use a few drops and then wait to determine the effect. Cannabinoids are quickly absorbed across the mucosa of the mouth into the bloodstream for distribution to the brain and other parts of the body. If the desired effect is not achieved after the initial dose, a few more drops may be applied.

Cancer Pathogenesis Of Cancer - 1058 Words

There has been a spontaneous advancement in the understanding the pathogenesis of cancer over the last two decades. Even though there has been a significant success in the knowledge of tumor, there still a wide gap in the treatment of tumors. There is a little treatment information available on cancer making it difficult to control it. Chemotherapy remains the only effective treatment method used. This study aims at examining the possible roles of the p53 gene in leukemia and how that data can be utilized for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Due to its potent tumor suppressive activity, a molecular understanding of p53 action will create significant experiences into specific procedures that limit tumor growth and may identify key†¦show more content†¦There are essentially two pathways that transduce signs to start apoptosis in leukemia. The primary route is the extrinsic pathway. It includes the trimerization of death factors like CD95/Fas/APO-1 or TNF receptor one which initiates caspase 8, which initiates the apoptotic machinery. The second pathway is the intrinsic pathway. This pathway involves the p53 gene and is subsequently of more concern. The p53 gene initiates the arrival of cytochrome C from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol. The cytochrome C in the presence of ATP reasons the oligomerization and activation of Apaf-1 and caspase 9 as per Schuler, (2000). Therefore, then prompt caspase three and other effector caspases that cause apoptosis. By utilizing this data, experiments have been carried out that try to induce apoptosis in cancer cells by activation of the p53 gene. One particular examination was done on the human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2, which is deficient in p53. According to Schuler (2000), an introduction of the p53 gene led to apoptosis through an intrinsic pathway. Subsequently subjecting p53 to gene treatment might be of enormous importance in the battle against leukemia. According to Liu (1994), it has additionally been discovered that p53 mutant tumors are more unstable genetically and this state of instability may enable the tumors to become more rapidly resistant to drug treatments. Since p53Show MoreRelatedPathogenesis of Cervical Cancer2028 Words   |  9 PagesCELL BIOLOGY ESSAY -- PATHOGENESIS OF CERVICAL CANCER Introduction According to the Centre for Health Protection of the Department of Health (2011), cervical cancer becomes the tenth commonest cancer in Hong Kong in 2008. Cervical cancer usually arises from sexual activity and human papillomavirus (HPV) (Bellentir, 2002). In this essay, Human papillomavirus would be further discussed. For example, the signal transport pathway of HPV 16 and HPV 18, which many scientists believe that they are closelyRead MorePathogenesis And Treatment Of Breast Cancer1235 Words   |  5 PagesPathogenesis It is known that cancer, in general, is a group of diseases that is characterized by the out-of-control growth and spread of a group of abnormal cells, which can often times result in death. More specifically, breast cancer is a hormonally dependent disease, which causes malignancy in the epithelial cells of the ducts and/or lobules of the breast (Lippman, 2012). Therefore, â€Å"women without functioning ovaries, who never receive estrogen-replacement therapy, do not develop breast cancer†Read MoreAn Essay On The Importance Of Hpv1264 Words   |  6 Pagesvia skin-to-skin contact and does not favor one global location over another [7]. Cervical HPV type infections are the most studied and understood pathology of the viral infection leading to tumorigenesis, but is gaining clinical relevance in oral cancer pathology. To fully understand HPVs pathology, researchers have tried to identify risk factors associated with individuals infected with this virus. Some risk factors associated with HPVs infection include, but are not limited to, gender, age,Read MoreThe Center For Disease Control1380 Words   |  6 Pageswith cervical cancer being the most serious outcome related to HPV, the state of Georgia falls in the mid-interval of 6.66 to 7.87 with HPV-related cervical cancer per 100,000 people. It is evident that this disease is more prevalent in rural areas and among underserved populations. HPV is actually a group of more than 150 related viruses and each individual virus from this group is numbered, also known as the HPV type. This STI is known for its cause for genital warts and cervical cancer; the frequencyRead MoreEssay On Essophagus Cancer793 Words   |  4 PagesEsophagus cancer (EC) is the 8th most common cancer in the world1, which makes it a high mortality rate cancer. It is estimated that about 17,000 cancer cases will be diagnosed in the USA with 18% of patients having 5-years survival rate2. Adenocarcinoma variants of EC is more common in the USA due to obesity and acid reflux problems3. Moreover, 50% of EC patient develops metastatic EC, which is hard to treat4. To date, very few drug treatments seem to be effective only against locally advanced ECRead MoreDevelopment Of Drugs With High Potency And Inhibitory Activity1618 Words   |  7 Pagesmade testing specific sensitizing mutation necessary. (1) (EGFR) T790M mutation a successful example of a biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment with Osimertinib that gained a wide acceptance in clinical practice in Europe and US (), One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether testing for similar mutations in different cancer will be of clinical value. an unknown subpopulation of patients with CRC will have an activating EGFR mutation, such as L858R, which is thoughtRead MoreBreast Cancer Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesThe term â€Å"breast cancer† refers to a malignant tumor that has developed from cells in the brea st. Breast cancer can begin in different areas of the breast, or in some cases, the tissues in between. There are many different types of breast cancer, including non-invasive, invasive, recurrent, metastatic breast cancer, as well as the intrinsic or molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in around 20-30% of breast cancer tumors. It is associatedRead MoreEssay On Lncrnas883 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most frequent cancers among women is breast cancer, which have prevalence more than 1,300,000 worldwide every year, and accounts for more than 450,000 deaths yearly [21]. In recent years, the next-generation sequencing technology have been used as an powerfull tool by researchers to study cancer data, including cancer diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. This technology enabled researchers to investigate all human genome transcripts, including non-coding versions. Recent investigations haveRead MoreIdentification and Characterization of Somatic Mutations Associated with Progression of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Having FLT3ITD 668 Words   |  3 Pagesinhibitors in treatment of AMLFLT3ITD† at Cancer Science Institute (CSI) of Singapore, National University of Singapore (NUS) was the ideal experience to acquire skills in molecular cloning, cell culture, protein biochemistry, bioinformatics and exome sequencing. The molecular pathogenesis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia has not been completely deciphered yet but develops through a multistep acquisition of a wide range of somatic mutations. Therefore, investigation of cancer genome sequences and structures provideRead MoreResearch Paper On Rhizopus Delemar821 Words   |  4 Pagesof specimens and cultures of the organisms. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) with encapsulated RNAs (exRNAs), have emerged as an important cell-cell communication conduit that holds great promise not only in diagnoses but also treatments of cancer and infectious diseases. We have performed deep-sequencing, profiling and annotation of extracellular small non-coding ribonucleic acids (ex-sRNAs) isolated from two clinical strains of R. delemar. Approximately 3.3 and 3.2 million clean sRNA reads

CIA Operational Psychology Essay - 2562 Words

The National Security Act of 1947, signed by President Harry S Truman, is how the Central Intelligence Agency was formally created. The â€Å"office off director of central intelligence† was also created as a result of this Act. Anyone in this position served as head of the United States intelligence community and acts as the President’s principal advisor. He/She usually updates the President of any and all intelligence issues concerning national security (Wagner 13). Even before the National Security Act, our nation’s officials used spies, secret agents, covert action, and the gathering of intelligence during wars. During the Revolutionary War, George Washington drafted Nathan Hale and other spies to help them acquire†¦show more content†¦Members of the CIA complete this task by collecting â€Å"intelligence† about foreign threats to our nation’s security (Wagner 12). There are four parts that make up the whole of the CIA. The hours a psychologist works and their place of employment vary based on their selected career field. Those who have created their own practice typically have their own office and set their own hours. Usually, they offer night and weekend hours to accommodate their clients. Psychologists who work in hospitals or nursing homes don’t have set schedules and often work night and/or weekend shifts while those who are employed in schools and clinics usually work only during the weekday. Psychologists employed for the Federal or State Government, like an Operational Psychologist for the Central Intelligence Agency, and in industry settings have structured schedules with known holidays. Their schedules typically only include Monday through Friday work weeks (Bureau of Labor Statistics). An Operational Psychologist employed for the CIA would more than likely be located at the Central Intelligence Agency Headquarters. This is located eight miles northwest of downtown Washington, D.C. on more than 250 acres of land near the Potomac River in Langley, Virginia (Wagner 12). Instead of referring to this location as the â€Å"CIA Headquarters,† most people simply call it â€Å"Langley,† and use it as a metonym, which is a term used when describing a word thatShow MoreRelatedThe Intelligence Cycle Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pages[effective], but outdated model. Essentially, it attempts to visualise intelligence as a process, and not merely a product. As such, by attempting a simple outline of a complex procedure, the cycle will be prone to misrepresenting dynamic changes; operational realities and either over, or under value particular parts of the process. However, it’s core strengths lie in it’s simplicity: shifting through the alphabet so up that is the Intelligence Community and making sense of the entire process is daunting:Read MoreWhat Were The Most Important Reforms That Occurred After The 9-11 Intelligence Failures?2172 Words   |  9 PagesIntelligence Community (IC) for years; federal agencies chose when and with whom they shared collected intelligence all under the umbrella of ‘secrecy’ and the ‘need-to-know.’ The 9/11 Commission Report found that there were two weaknesses in the IC and operational capabilities during the conduction of counter terrorism. First, the U.S. intelligence community could not operate in an integrated manner because its structure was a Cold War relic with no one in charge. Second, the executive branch lacked an effectiveRead MoreThe Intelligence Failure Of Pearl Harbor3558 Words   |  15 Pageslast 20 years. Betts had come to the conclusion that there is a paradoxes in intelligence which prevents anybody from eliminating failure (Betts 1978). Failures will happen. They are natural. Most of the times they are the results of politics and psychology. Only in minor cases are the failures caused by the organizations or the analysis (Betts 1978: 61). The ones at fault for Intelligence Failures in the view of Betts are, therefore, the consumers of the Intelligence product. Betts is not againstRead MoreMarketing Manager Vs. Internal Auditor1688 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationships, interact with computers, make decisions and solve problems, organize, plan and prioritize work, sell and influence others through their creative thinking and identify objects, actions, and events. Furthermore, they analyze data to implement operational decisions and evaluate the overall effectiveness of a program. A Marketing Manager spends most of their time working with a group or team and works more than 40 hours a week, with more than 75% of them having a regular established routine or setRead MoreGovernment and Torture2485 Words   |  10 Pagesbad enough† (Ross and Esposito). Along with these techniques, psychological manipulation, sensory deprivation, starvation and thirst, sleep deprivation, forced standing, Palestinian hanging, sweatboxes, and sexual abuse and humiliation are also used. CIA Inspector General John Helgerwon also believes these torture techniques appeared to constitute cruel, and degrading treatment under the (Geneva) convention, (Ross and Esposito). The reason given by the officials to justify their actions was time;Read MoreHistory and Rolls of Law Enforcement in America10094 Words   |  41 PagesNow let us take a look at the distinction among the multiple functions of modern law enforcement agencies. The Federal level comes first. This level of jurisdiction consists of many different agencies such as the: FBI, DEA, ATF, DHS, U.S. Marshalls, CIA, and I.R.S. The Federal Burro of Investigations, also known as the F.B.I., has three top priority areas. First priority is to protect the American public and the United States from Terrorist Attacks. This agency also protects the United StatesRead MoreTrung Nguyen Internation Business20210 Words   |  81 PagesManagement Team: 75 7.1 Phan Hong An- Director of Representative office: 76 7.2 Le Xuan Phong- Marketing Manager: 77 7.3 Bui Thi Xuan Mai- Financial Manager: 77 7.4 Nguyen Van Thanh – Administrative/ HR Manager: 77 7.5 Tran Hong Tri – Operational and Logistics Manager: 78 7.6 Organizational Chart 81 8. International Aspect 84 8.1 Place: 84 8.2 Promotion: 87 8.3 Market analysis 87 8.4 Management team: 87 8.5 Entry mode 89 9. Conclusion: 89 10. Reference 90 11. Appendix:Read MoreTrung Nguyen Internation Business20216 Words   |  81 PagesManagement Team: 75 7.1 Phan Hong An- Director of Representative office: 76 7.2 Le Xuan Phong- Marketing Manager: 77 7.3 Bui Thi Xuan Mai- Financial Manager: 77 7.4 Nguyen Van Thanh – Administrative/ HR Manager: 77 7.5 Tran Hong Tri – Operational and Logistics Manager: 78 7.6 Organizational Chart 81 8. International Aspect 84 8.1 Place: 84 8.2 Promotion: 87 8.3 Market analysis 87 8.4 Management team: 87 8.5 Entry mode 89 9. Conclusion: 89 10. Reference 90 11Read MoreRole of Cultural Factors in Shaping Human Resource Management6912 Words   |  28 Pagesestern European cultures (Bangladesh.com). Residents of Bangladesh, about 98% of who are ethnic Bengali and speak Bangla, are called Bangladeshis. Most Bangladeshis (about 86%) are Muslims, but Hindus constitute a sizable (13%) minority (CIA Factbook, 2008). Hofstede‟s (1980) study did not include Bangladesh; however, two significant neighbors, India and Pakistan, were included. Despite some differences, Bangladeshi culture is quite similar to Indian and Pakistani culture due toRead MoreThe Impact Of Black Friday On American Symbols, Values And Interests6556 Words   |  27 Pagesinternational terrorism in particular reached their first peak in the last three decades, mainly in the wake of the hot Cold War years between the late 1970s and the mid-1980s. According to many policy analysts, Bin Laden and his team of Mujahideen are CIA-created phenomena who led part of the Cold War by proxy for the United States against the Soviet Union. The old enemy is yet new; it is this time a rather latent, undefined, global, unallocated and indefinite enemy. It is precisely a ghost of different

Feminism Is The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Basis...

Feminism is the advocacy of women’s rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes. To further break that down, feminism is the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. It is the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities in this world we live in. Basically feminism is a constant fight for the equality of both men and women. Not the sameness of men and women. A famous argument people like to use against feminism is women are not the â€Å"same† as men therefore no equality. So basically because their bodies aren t the same (many referring to them as smaller and weaker) or because of the physical differences or capabilities of men, equality isn t possible. People don t understand that†¦show more content†¦As patriarchy continues, people (mainly men) will continue to believe and support these traditional roles for both the male and female. If patriarchy gives privilege to the man then women will never truly find equality. Not to say everyone supports patriarchy but as long as it is out there in the world being practiced, our society will continue to grow believing men are entitled to having all of the power and females get none. Some can further their knowledge on feminism with something known as a feminist analysis. (Also known as feminist criticism or a feminist reading). A feminist analysis undertakes a complete breakdown on a story, passage, piece of writing etc, where the story is examined and explains how feminism is a main theme and uses the theory to further help in getting the point across to the audience about what feminism is and reinforces the economic, political, and social oppression of women. A feminist analysis aims to understand the nature of gender inequality and takes a focus on how men are given more priority and importance than women. It takes a close look on men and women’s social roles, experiences, interests and choices. The feminist analysis also focuses on the inequality of women and the struggles they must go through. Popular themes explored in the analysis could consist of discrimination, victimization, oppression, patriarchy (as mentioned earlier), enslavement, freedom, ir ony, and stereotyping.Show MoreRelatedFeminism, The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Basis Of Equality1141 Words   |  5 Pages Feminism Feminism is defined as the advocacy of women s rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes. Throughout the hundreds of years women have been around there have always been those that fought for more. From fighting for the right to vote to marching down Capitol Hill women have been fighting for equality. Although the fight may have changed over the years these individuals have always fought for the better for people around the world. Now more than ever women are critiqued for contributionRead MoreFeminism : The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Basis Of Equality1645 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Feminism - the advocacy of women s rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes.† Throughout history women have been perceived as these docile,fragile,and inferior type of people. Men were supposed to be the ones in charge and women were meant to follow along. These women back in the day were conditioned to believe that their place was at home being a good little housewife to thei r husbands. Women’s thoughts and opinions did not hold the same value as that of a man. There were women that wereRead MoreFeminism : The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Basis Of Equality1934 Words   |  8 PagesFeminism: the advocacy of women’s rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes. Even with a topic this controversial you can discover many great works surrounding the feminist movement. Influential women are Mary Wollstonecraft, who wrote A Vindication of The Rights of Women, Susan B. Anthony wrote The Revolution, Benazir Bhutto, the first Muslim woman to become Prime Minister, Malala Yousafzai who fought for the education of girls, Beyonce who preaches the gospel of strong women in and out ofRead MoreThe Advancement For Equality Of Women974 Words   |  4 Pagesmeaning of feminism is not that women are above men, it is instead the advancement for equality of women. Thesis Statement: The actual meaning of feminism is not that women are above men, it is instead the advancement for equality of women. Organizational Pattern: Categorical I. Intro A. Attention Getter: With a show of hands how many of you all think feminists believe that men are evil and that females are the superior gender? B. Thesis Statement: The actual meaning of feminism is not that women areRead MoreWomen s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality889 Words   |  4 PagesThe dictionary definition of feminism states that feminism is the â€Å"advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.† However, this definition raises controversy due to a lack of preciseness. In order to achieve a precise definition, one would need to define equality because it is safe to say not all men are equal (i.e. white supremacy). The true definition of feminism, is the desire to end sexist tyranny and patriarchy. Feminists do not hate men asRead MoreWomen s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality973 Words   |  4 Pageslooking for a knight. She was looking for a sword† are the wise words from Atticus expressing that women do not need reliance on an assumed male counterpart for claim of independence and power. The generation today would label the above quote under the general idea of feminism which is actually defined as the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. Feminism played a much larger role in the arts of the 18th and 19th century than most realize, possiblyRead MoreFinally, Black Feminism Highlights The Unique Experiences1232 Words   |  5 PagesFinally, Black feminism highlights the unique experiences of Black women, but it lies in its commitment to justice, not just for Black women but for that of other similarly oppressed groups. An essential idea within Black feminism is intersectionality in that they argue that race, class, gender, sexuality, etc. are bound together (Garcia, 2016). In other words, white women and black women do not share identical experiences, despite all being female. Likewise, a middle-class black woman has a differentRead MoreThe Black And White Women Of Jacobs s Book Form Bonds974 Words   |  4 PagesHow do the black and white women of Jacobs’s book form bonds in response to maledemands and how does race impact â€Å"sisterhood† or feminism in the era before the Civil War: Argument: feminist Advocacy: Before Civil War a new wave of feminism is raised in America and soon spread out all over the world because in that time women of America was self-employed and they did jobs, face different problems. Therefore, we say the next wave of feminism is the feminism’s second wave.In this waveRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1218 Words   |  5 Pagescom, Feminism means the advocacy of women’s right on the basis of the equality of the sexes. In The Awakening by Kate Chopin, Chopin expressed female oppression and feminism through Edna’s life, her choices and the people in her community. Chopin had many examples of female oppression and feminism in her novel, such as Adele Ratignolle’s life, how women were stereotyped in the society at that time, why women in the 1800s fought for their feminist rights, why Edna is a feminist, and what women in theRead MoreRacism, Feminism, And Sexism1450 Words   |  6 Pagesout on important matters. But, do we ever consider t he true meaning on these important matters, or do we tend to listen to everyone else s thoughts to form our own? Racism, feminism and sexism are all three very common issues that many seen throughout the news stations and the media. We all talk about how important making a change and standing up for what is right, but no one speaks up or says anything when a topic like these three are becoming more relevant, that is until recently. The world is always

Ratcatcher in Kindertransport free essay sample

The character of the Ratcatcher plays an important role in the play â€Å"Kindertransport† by Diane Samuels, not just as an antagonist but as a vital symbol in the play’s context. During these pages, Eva’s mother, Helga is reading Eva’s favorite book about the pied piper of Hamlin. But also, during this scene there is cross cutting between Helga reading the book and Faith (Evelyn’s Daughter) also reading the same book, but in a different setting. The Ratcatcher in this scene is portrayed as an evil and dark mysterious figure, whose ultimate plan is not immediately recognised, but towards the end of the scene, the Ratcatcher is the embodiment and symbol of separation, as the scene moves into another short scene which depicts Eva finally on the Kindertransport leaving her family and heading for a new life in England. This scene also depicts some actual accounts of the Kindertransport, as some children and parents alike thought that living in England would only be a short term arrangement as Eva states ‘see you in England’. We will write a custom essay sample on Ratcatcher in Kindertransport or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is also dramatic irony as the audience knows that not all children were reunited with their families. Throughout the plot of â€Å"Kindertransport†, the Ratcatcher takes the form of other characters in the play, such as the Nazi guard on the train. In this scene, Eva is sitting on the train too petrified to move. This is ironic as the Ratcatcher is the personification of Evelyn/Eva’s fear and at that moment in the play, the audience would expect that a child of Eva’s age would be scared about leaving their family behind. The stage directions in this scene describe the emotion of Eva as being terrified and scared. This scene also shows what the Nazi supporters thought of the Jews as being scum as the officer takes Eva’s luggage and dumps it all on the train floor and draws a huge Star of David on her label. He also throws a sweet for Eva on the floor showing that he thinks he is of a higher standard than the Jewish children. The third time that the Ratcatcher appears in the play is when Eva has arrived in England and is being held in a sort of hostel. But in this scene, the Ratcatcher is not as terrifying to Eva as in the previous scenes. However in this scene the Ratcatcher is a bearer of bad news as he has told Eva her English family have not arrived. This is also dramatic irony as many people who are in the audience will know that some of the children aboard the Kindertransport did not get homes or the homes the children did find were not emotionally friendly. Another character that the Ratcatcher possesses is the postman. Now the postman is a character which embodies the views of most English people at the time, as many people where disrespectful or unaware of the backgrounds the children came from. An example of this is when the postman makes Eva salute Hitler. However, Eva is unaware what the postman is doing to her but still she plays along to what the man says. There is also another example of dramatic irony here as the postman says â€Å"thought he’d (Hitler) done wonderful things for your country†. But as the audience are aware Hitler was a mass murderer. The last character that the Ratcatcher embodies during the play is the train station guard. This character mainly embodies the suspicious views that Britons had about the German population, but he also shares traits with the postman. During this scene, the Ratcatcher is the full embodiment of Eva’s fear of being deported from her new found country. This scene contains a lot of interrogatives. This is a comparison between this and actual interrogations that the Nazi’s did on the Jewish people. In conclusion, the Ratcatcher is an omnipresent antagonist throughout the play. He embodies characters that have different social views based upon people’s thoughts and feelings of that time. He is Eva/Evelyn’s fear of separation and loss.

Characteristics of an Effective Leader for Health - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCharacteristics of an Effective Leader for Health. Answer: Paget, C., 2013. To the top. Developing the characteristics of an effective ES leader. Health facilities management, 26(2), pp.40-42. The current journal article offers an in-depth look into a majority of the characteristics that should be possessed by a leader for effective performance as an Environmental Services leader. The comprehensive nature of this outline provides a benchmark upon which other studies can narrow down onto the most desirable of traits. In similar fashion, the outline of the characteristics makes it a perfect piece for literature review on related topics. Even more, the article explains the appropriateness of the trait in spearheading the relevant position. Further, the article features an avenue that leadership skills can be developed and practiced. The categorization of the traits enhances the relevance of the journal article. Feltner, A., Mitchell, B., Norris, E. and Wolfle, C., 2008. Nurses' views on the characteristics of an effective leader. Aorn Journal, 87(2), pp.363-372. The journal article outlines a study that was conducted among nurses at a Florida Hospital in a bid to establish the characteristics of an effective leader. The techniques used to obtain information from the nurses were interviews and surveys ensuring that the data can be correlated to ascertain accuracy. The findings of this study are relevant in the sense that a hospital is a representation of a work environment that adequately requires effective leadership. The data obtained uncovered the following to be the characteristics of an effective leader: excellent communication skills, adequate knowledge of the job descriptions of the subordinates and fairness. Leithwood, K. and Azah, V.N., 2016. Characteristics of effective leadership networks. Journal of Educational Administration, 54(4), pp.409-433. The above-referenced article provides different dimension with regard to the subject matter in comparison to the already outlined articles. The study population is a school leadership network, and the study goes further to establish how the networks impact the development of the same qualities. In outlining the characteristics as established in the findings, the author explicitly cites other works to put emphasis on the traits. Despite the fact that the author admits that the results cannot be generalized to other avenues, the findings are a welcome guidance to leaders and an addition to the existing pool of knowledge. Zaharia, D.E., 2016. The Effective Leader's Qualities. Valahian Journal of Economic Studies, 7(1). The research question, the magnitude of the sample size and the hypotheses being tested in the study covered in this journal article makes it a relevant piece to reinforcing the traits outlined in the already outlined articles. More importantly, the initiatives to train managers in the most desirable characteristics for effective leadership- undertaken within the study population (Romania), sets the article apart. Notably, the study used three data collection techniques namely: observation and document analysis and quantitative research-based questionnaires. These provide a means to compare findings and make more informed conclusions. Zakharova, L. and Korobeynikova, E. (2015). Personal characteristics of effective managers in organizational cultures of different types. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, pp.69-83. The following aspects of the of the above journal articles make the study relevant: Firstly, it determines the personality traits of middle managers that are regarded effective by the top leadership of the major corporations, secondly, conducts a comparative analysis of the requirements for the development of the effective leadership qualities. Third, the effective mid-level managers are determined by the expert evaluation of the top leadership of the corporations under study. Fourthly, leaders were categorized into different models- Mentor, Dictator, Innovator, and Businessman- based on their priorities and the value they place in productivity. Lastly, the study incorporates a large study population ensuring that the data is representative.

Easy Descriptive Essay Topics

Easy Descriptive Essay TopicsEasy descriptive essay topics are words, phrases and ideas that you use to describe your topic. Often your topic is not so much a subject or theme as it is a natural or related subject to the content of your paper. Most students will write about the weather or a topic they are interested in or relate to in some way.A very effective way to develop your topic is to begin by thinking about your own topic. What's it about? Perhaps, a specific style of food or event you had this week, or the song that played as you walked down the street yesterday?You can also use your experience and knowledge of certain things to help create your topic. For example, if you are writing about insects or spiders, you may be able to use a fact about what you know about them or what type of insect you know you've seen them in.Some students like to write about things they love. It could be one of your favorite books, a new movie or a new food. When you think about your topic with a certain level of enthusiasm and interest, it's easier to get into the swing of your writing.Take time to consider some interesting things in your life, your favorite books, the events in your daily life and what interests you about the subjects of your choice. There are no rules as to what to include, just a willingness to think of things you find interesting.To think about your topic in different ways can help you find different angles of views to add depth to your writing. For example, consider a topic related to someone in your family. Some students have trouble writing about their family member because they feel they don't really know them, so using a topic that relates to your family member can make it easier to relate to the subject.Sometimes you can use a topic that relates to one of your specific research projects. If you are studying a group of people or a culture that you are researching, some good examples are religion, history, political science, etc.The key is to write about your topic and then let your thoughts develop. Take notes about what you think is important to your topic. As you continue to write, reread your work and try and incorporate other ideas that you may have overlooked.

How to Tame a Wild Tongue free essay sample

Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act protects against discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, sex, religion and national origin. However when the judicial system has examined English Only workplace policies in light of Title VII, it has generally determined that such policies are not discriminatory if an employee is able to speak English. Although plaintiffs have argued that language is inextricably linked to national origin and cultural identity, the courts have stated that the use of a language other than English is detrimental to the morale of monolingual English speakers and a single language is necessary to ensure workplace harmony and proper management. This paper examines the court cases where English Only workplace policies have been challenged, and identifies the prevalent myths and ideologies held by businesses and the courts about language use, identity, and bilingual speakers. Through the process of homogeneism, linguistic diversity is rejected as monolingual English speakers are able to create and enforce rules that favor themselves as they construct the identity of â€Å"American† in their own image. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Tame a Wild Tongue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Language is a central feature of human identity. When we hear someone speak, we immediately make guesses about gender, education level, age, profession, and place of origin. Beyond this individual matter, a language is a powerful symbol of national and ethnic identity. (Spolsky, 1999, p. 181) INTRODUCTION Language—both code and content—is a complicated dance between internal and external interpretations of our identity. Within each community of practice, defined by Eckert and McConnell-Ginet (1999, p. 185) as groups â€Å"whose joint engagement in some activity of enterprise is sufficiently intensive to give rise over time to a repertoire of shared practices,† certain linguistic (among other) practices are understood by the members to be more appropriate than others. While monolingual speakers are restricted to altering the content and register of their speech, bilingual speakers are able to alter the code, as well as content and register, of their language dependent upon the situation. Speakers who embrace the identity of a particular community will engage in positive identity practices, while those who reject the identity will use negative identity practices to distance themselves from it (Bucholtz, 1999). However, this framework only takes into account the intentions of the speaker, and neglects the role of the hearer. As Spolsky implies above, language is not only a means for us to present our own notion of â€Å"who we are,† but it is also a way for others to project onto us their own suppositions of the way â€Å"we must be. † Conflict arises when the hearer has a different understanding of the speaker’s identity than the one the speaker desires. The tension is further compounded when the hearer is in a position of power and can not only misinterpret the desires of the speaker, but can actively thwart this expression, forcing the speaker into an entirely different, perhaps unwanted, identity. This plays out daily in the workplaces of America, where English Only policies are enforced to maintain the powerful hearers’ view that good workers speak English among themselves and refrain from other, inappropriate, languages. The use of language to construct identity has been explored in education (Adger, 1998; Bucholtz, 1999; Fordham, 1998; Toohey, 2000), specifically among bilingual Spanish-English speaking students (Garcia, 2001; Zavala, 2000) and in bilingual Spanish-English society as a whole (Johnson, 2000; Morales, 2002; Stepick Stepick, 2002; Valdes, 2000; Zentella, 2002), but little research has focused on bilinguals in the workplace (Goldstein, 1997; Martinovic-Zic, 1998). Court cases provide us the most revealing records of the struggle between bilingual workers and their monolingual employers and illustrate that, while other language groups have been affected by English Only policies, the policies have predominantly affected Spanish speaking communities. Court cases show that the linguistic practices of the workplace community of practice have been dictated successfully by the employers, not the members themselves. This disempowerment has been upheld by the judicial system, which believes that language is not a component of ethnic identity, especially in instances where the employee has the ability to speak the majority language. As long as the employer makes a statement of business necessity, no matter how weak or spurious the argument, the courts have agreed that English Only policies are not discriminatory. By identifying English as the only appropriate language between workers, the employer is attempting to mandate a uniform identity (that of English speaking worker) while perpetuating the idea that other languages should be neither seen nor heard. Thus, as arbiters of appropriateness and controllers of the homogenization process, the majority is able to maintain its position of power. How is it that, even as the courts are looking at the application of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which was written to protect minority groups from discrimination, they support these discriminatory workplace practices? Why is it that a country that bills itself as â€Å"a nation of immigrants† seeks to deny its residents their cultural heritage? How can a citizenship that proclaims to value independence, individuality, and innovation simultaneously support the homogenization of itself? In this study, I will examine cases of English Only in the workplace to try to answer these questions. Lippi-Green (1997) states that discrimination based on accent is the â€Å"last back door to discrimination,† but this in no way implies that it is the only form of language discrimination that still occurs. Even a cursory scan of these court cases will show that many forms of language discrimination remain pervasive and are, in fact, sanctioned by the courts. An examination of the reasons given by employers to justify their negative identity practices, as well as judicial reasons for accepting these justifications, will reveal the myths held about language use and the ideologies supporting them. RELATION BETWEEN IDENTITY AND LANGUAGE Neither identity nor language use is a fixed notion; both are dynamic, depending upon time and place (Norton, 1995). How we perceive ourselves changes with our community of practice, allowing us multiple identities over the years or even within a day. In discussions of ethnic identity, many have pointed out that language is not a necessary requirement to identify with an ethnicity (e. g. , a person may identify themselves as Irish yet not speak Gaelic; see Eastman Reese, 1981, or Liebkind, 1999). Additionally, an ethnic group or individual ascribing to that group may have a symbolic attachment to an associated language, but may use another more utilitarian language instead. More commonly an ethnic group identifies with a specific language: For the majority of Hispanics, the Spanish language runs deeply into cultural and personal identities. Anzaldua’s (1987) eloquent phrasing of this principle captures the language-identity fusion: â€Å"Ethnic identity is twin skin to linguistic identity—I am my language† (p. 59). To relinquish Spanish either literally or symbolically (which many monolingual citizens of the United States seem to think is appropriate for integration into the country) is to relinquish a significant and powerful dimension of personal and social identity. (Johnson, 2000, p. 177) However, all this presumes the speaker is able to self-select their ethnicity, or more broadly, their identity. The work of the sociologist Goffman has been influential in showing that the self is constructed entirely through discourse, making our language choices of paramount importance to our identity construction. In fact, he states that personal identity is defined by how others identify us, not how we identify ourselves (1963). The speaker can attempt to influence how others perceive them, but ultimately it is the hearer who creates the speaker’s identity. If the speaker is not allowed any influence on their own output, then the hearer is able to construct an identity for the speaker which may be entirely disparate from the speaker’s desired identity. This allows the hearer an inordinate amount of power, and diminishes the self-sufficiency and independence of the speaker. This is a frequently used technique to control populations in settings as diverse as schools, prisons, and workplaces. It is also used in national language policies to extinguish the power associated with politically â€Å"subversive† and â€Å"inappropriate† languages, such as Catalan in Spain or Hokkien in Singapore (see Pennycook, 1994). Being multilingual in the wrong languages is seen as an impediment to integration and hegemony, which is equated with harmony, although Phillipson (1999) has pointed out that there is â€Å"no straight correlation between a single language such as English and positive ascriptions such as progress, peace, international understanding, or the enjoyment of human rights† (p. 99). BILINGUAL IDENTITY Bilingual language use by a minority group is often analyzed as having two components: the â€Å"we† versus â€Å"they† code (Gumperz, 1982; Lambert, 1972 in Zentella, 1990), or the high versus low language (Valdes, 2000). The minority language â€Å"we† code represents in-group speech. It connotes intimacy and is largely confined to the home because it suffers lower prestige than the â€Å"they† code or high language, which is the language of the more powerful group and is associated with wealth and status. In an English speaking environment, Spanish speakers may choose to use Spanish to signify themselves as different from the dominant group, while simultaneously creating camaraderie with other Spanish speakers. These choices are made not only within situations, but within conversations. Code switching is another form of language use, which can be at once exclusionary and inclusionary. It serves to create an important sense of ‘them’ and ‘us’, as outsiders cannot easily share in this linguistic code†¦. To insiders this is a legitimate form of communication with its own unconscious rules and forms. It serves as an important identity marker for the Spanish-speaking community, and like any linguistic code, is a dynamic, evolving symbol of solidarity. (Mar-Molinero, 2000, p. 185) While outsiders may view code switching or code mixing as a deficient ability to speak English (Zentella, 2002), those who speak â€Å"Spanglish† may see it as representative of their identities as Spanish speaking Americans. â€Å"Spanglish is what we speak, but it is also who we Latinos are, and how we act, and how we perceive the world† (Morales, 2002, p. 3). So much of the discussion of multilingualism assumes that the speakers are equally proficient in all languages. But for many, although they have at least a fundamental proficiency in English, they are not comfortable with the language. Although able to create grammatically correct utterances, they are unable to fully express themselves and create their desired identity. They may rely on their primary language because it is a quicker and more effective communication tool. For many then, language is not a uniform that can be put on when they arrive at work and removed at the end of the day, but is integral to their being, in the way that religion or political affiliation is to others. HOMOGENEISM A nation of immigrants, Americans have always feared the newest arrivals (for historical snapshots of American xenophobia, see Crawford, 1992; Daniels, 1990; Reimers, 1998; Ross, 1994). Increasing numbers translate into increasing power, and new immigrants threaten the status of those who have come before. Allport notes â€Å"it is not a person’s present status in society that is important. It is rather the shifting of his/her status upward or downward that regulates prejudice† (1979, in Ochoa, 1995, p. 244). More specifically, Beer (1985) states â€Å"when certain subordinate groups break out of a traditionally subservient position and improve their situation relative to others, the likelihood is that there will be conflict† (p. 217). Reacting to this loss of power, the majority establishes laws and policies most favorable to themselves. English Only workplace policies are generally an attempt to dictate the identity of workers in order to exercise hegemony, and to remake the workers in the image of the English speaking employer. Within this is the unspoken assumption that it is both natural and preferable to be monolingual. Work-related language attitudes can also be founded in cultural notions about national, class, or ethnic privilege. Even characterizing the United States as â€Å"an English speaking country† presumes the privilege of not mentioning that millions of its residents speak languages other than English. A person with this sense of language privilege believes in the right not to be subjected to varieties other than his or her own. † (Johnson, 2000, p. 290) Irvine and Gal (2000) call this practice erasure: â€Å"the process in which ideology, in simplifying the sociolinguistic field, renders some person or activities (or sociolinguistic phenomena) invisible† (p. 38). Here, citizens, and their languages, are erased from the landscape by the prevailing ideology. The importance of understanding ideologies concerning language use has recently been highlighted by the work of several linguistic anthropologists. Irvine (1989) defines language ideology as â€Å"the cultural system of ideas about social and linguistic relationships, together with their loading of moral and political interests (p. 5) and Kroskrity (2000) emphasizes that it is â€Å"constructed in the interest of a specific social or cultural group† (p. 8). In the United States, that prevailing interest is the population of monolingual English speakers, and they benefit most from an ideology that believes a single language creates national unity and is vital to establishing a resident’s identity as an American. Blommaert (2004) reminds us that ideology need not reflect reality, and through the process of erasure Americans who subscribe to this ideology can conveniently ignore instances of conflict and confusion conducted in English, as well as their fellow citizens who identify themselves as American yet speak a language other than English. This ideology has many names, but one goal. Called Standard Language Ideology (Lippi-Green, 1997), monoglot ideology (Silverstein, 1996; Blommaert, 2004) or homogeneism (Blommaert Verschueren, 1998), it assumes monolingualism can and does exist and is a necessary component of nation building, and attempts to return society back to its pure, harmonious roots. When a single language is prized above all others, there is danger that those others will be silenced, both literally and figuratively. Lippi-Green (1997) states that â€Å"a standard language ideology, which proposes that an idealized nation-state has one perfect, homogenous language, becomes the means by which discourse is seized, and provides rationalization for limiting access to discourse† (pp. 64-65). A monoglot ideology, warns Blommaert (2004), will not only deny that linguistic diversity exists within its borders, but will put in place practices that prohibit such diversity. When English is the only language that is allowed to be heard, other languages and their entwined cultures and ideas are effectively silenced. â€Å"Through sameness of language is produced sameness of sentiment and thoughts,† declared the Federal Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1887 (Crawford, 1992, p. 48) as he instituted English Only boarding schools in an effort to eradicate the Navajo language and Native American resistance to the U. S. government. When society ascribes positive values to one language over others, speakers of devalued languages may be shamed into abandoning their native tongue. In the quest for a more positive social identity, they may choose to assimilate linguistically. â€Å"If language is a salient marker of group membership, the individual may face linguistic adaptations that may result in subtractive bilingualism or even language erosion† (Hansen Liu, 1997, p. 568). The process of homogeneism is especially troubling, as homogeneity is not only seen as necessary and desirable, but is also viewed as the norm. Blommaert and Verschueren (1998) raise several important points regarding this process. First, simply by stating that monolingualism is the norm, all bilinguals are positioned as abnormal, and consequently take on the role as â€Å"the other. † Linguistic diversity is immediately rejected as deviant. Second, when the ideology calls for the integration of the other (as in the American melting pot idea), positions of power are taken up. Not only is the bilingual positioned as the outsider, as â€Å"integrate† assumes there is an undesirable outside and a desirable inside, but they must follow a path defined and controlled by those on the inside. Inequality is inscribed in the process. As a result of this inequality, the majority makes demands on the outsiders in exchange for their admission to the inner circle. So, in order to enjoy the privileges of voting, one must read the ballots in English, or to take on the identity of an American one must speak English. Both these demands propel the â€Å"need† to test applicants for U. S. citizenship on their English language proficiency. However Piller (2001) has pointed out that the tests are less about establishing the applicant’s true language proficiency than they are a means to exclude undesirable applicants. This gatekeeping function maintains the privileges of the majority, and ensures that only those who can sustain the prevailing ideology (Americans speak English) will be allowed entry. The proprietary hold on American values and identity is seen in Huntington (2004): â€Å"There is no Americano dream. There is only the American dream created by an Anglo-Protestant society. Mexican Americans will share in that dream and in that society only if they dream in English. † Finally, the disproportionate balance of power even shows up in the notion of identity. Blommaert and Verschueren illustrate this â€Å"asymmetrical view of identity. † The majority demands that the outsiders must adapt to values â€Å"so fundamental to our identity that we cannot accept their being questioned by people in our midst who would not share them† (p. 121). In this case speaking English is the unquestionably fundamental pillar of American identity. And yet, â€Å"outsiders† are expected to easily give up their language, which by right should be innate to their identity. Maintaining one’s native language is seen as spiteful—the purposeful rejection of American norms and values. Those who use a language other than English in the workplace are characterized as rude and insubordinate (see Haviland, 2003 for analysis of one such workplace). In order to be a good worker, and a good American, one must repudiate one’s native tongue and assimilate completely. Only then does monolingual America believe it can be a nation at peace with itself. HISPANOPHOBIA Monolingual English speakers, predicting dire consequences for the country, contend that allowing immigrants to continue using their native language allows them to reject American values. Currently, Spanish speakers are the latest wave of immigrants to threaten the security of White America, prompting Zentella (1997) to coin the phrase â€Å"Hispanophobia. † (The irony is not lost on Castellanos (1992) who documents the exploration of America by Spanish Europeans long before White Europeans. ) Present day migration is seen as an â€Å"aberrant form of human behavior† (Blommaert Verschueren, 1998, p. 118), and confronted with neighbors who do not sound or look like them, these Americans call for their integration, if not their return from whence they came. As Susan Tulley, a southern California resident and President of the Citizen’s Committee on Immigration Policy states, â€Å"Your heart goes out to people who are just seeking a better way of life. We do have an obligation to help Mexico develop. I’d rather do that than say all you people come here and become my problem. I’m willing to give money to my church to build houses in Mexico. But I’m sick to death of my own children competing in the classroom for a decent education† (in Maharidge, 1996, p. 163). Tulley believes Mexican children are receiving an unfair share of the decent (apparently finite) education earmarked for her children, and that their parents are a burden she must shoulder. It would be much easier to send money through an intermediary and wipe her hands clean, though one has to wonder why she is more comfortable aiding those unknown and far away than her children’s classmates. The fear that Spanish speakers are taking away something that rightfully belongs to the English speaking majority is common across the country. This customer’s complaint, which resulted in the firing of a New Jersey Rite Aid clerk, hits a common refrain: â€Å"‘Shouldn’t you be speaking English? Isn’t this an American store?. †¦ You are taking an American job and you are working for an American company, so you should speak English. ’† (Cook, 1994, in Zentella, 1997, p. 77). And yet, oftentimes the Spanish speaker is not taking an American job, or to rephrase, is not taking a job that an English speaker would desire. The American economy is balanced on the backs of those immigrants whose limited English dictates they must accept the low paying or dirty jobs that White America disdains. Gardeners, housekeepers, babysitters, factory workers, trash collectors †¦ there is no doubt that Tulley’s vision of America would radically change if the immigrants who keep her day running smoothly returned to their home countries. The majority, demanding that immigrants assimilate, encourages them to cast aside (or at least hide at home) any traces of their ethnicity. â€Å"Immigrants are not supposed to be heard. †¦ Immigrant culture and language—assumed to have little prestige or usefulness in comparison with the dominant American culture and the English language—are supposed to fade away quickly as assimilation runs its course† (Castro, 1992, p. 180). Huntington (2004) warns that the migration of Latinos will ultimately cause America to divide along language and culture lines because Latinos refuse to integrate linguistically. â€Å"If the second generation does not reject Spanish outright, the third generation is also likely to be bilingual, and fluency in both languages is likely to become institutionalized in the Mexican-American community. † It is not only speaking Spanish as a primary language that is troubling to him, but the bilingual’s ability to speak Spanish at all. The entire language, and its accompanying culture, must be eradicated within the U. S. borders if America is to remain unified. The late 1990s saw an explosion of Spanish language advertising as businesses courted Spanish speaking consumers, adding fuel to monolinguals’ fears about a linguistic takeover of the country. Ironically, it was the result of American values—capitalist ones. An untapped market was discovered and everyone scrambled to get their piece, necessitating bilingual workers. Suddenly, being a member of the majority was no longer the privileged position. Dicker (1996) notes this was especially problematic for monolingual English residents in Miami: This was a telling sign for mainstream Americans that they no longer had the upper hand; for the first time for many of them, being a monolingual, native English-speaker carried no presumption of advantage in the labor market. In addition it defied the proverbial melting-pot fantasy; Hispanics in Miami did not have to give up their native identity in order to make it in America (in Mar-Molinero, 2000, p. 183) How then to deal with bilingual employees? Financially, employers need them to reach out to non-English speaking customers (or those who prefer to use another language, as the customer is always right when they have cash in hand) as well as fill low paying jobs, but at the same time employers still need to maintain control over these workers. Many businesses have initiated English Only policies as a way of managing and monitoring their employees’ speech, consequently managing and monitoring their identities. The schizophrenic message to these employees is that their language is valued and appropriate when it means dollars for the business, but otherwise is inappropriate in the workplace. LANGUAGE AND THE LAW The desire to designate English as the official language of the United States appears whenever the English speaking population is threatened by an increasing number of immigrants. The need to â€Å"protect† English (from dying out or being sullied? ) has led groups such as English First and US English to call for a constitutional amendment, and individuals like Ron Unz to lobby for the elimination of bilingual education and support English Only at the state level. Although recently initiatives in Arizona, Alaska, and Oklahoma were declared unconstitutional, English Only legislation remains on the books in 24 other states. What the states mean when they say English is the official language has caused confusion because the legislation is different in every state. Several states simply say that â€Å"English is the official language† with no further discussion of how that status should be enacted (Arkansas, Colorado). Some note English should be â€Å"preserved and enhanced† (Alabama, California), while others state that English is the language of public record (Georgia, Iowa). Utah’s policy is the strictest, restricting state agencies from using languages other than English with the exceptions of law enforcement, public health and safety needs, educational institutions, judicial proceedings, and libraries. (See Crawford, n. d. , for each state’s legislation. ) While the judicial system has noted that the laws are largely symbolic and non-prohibitive, citizens often interpret them to mean English is now the mandatory language of daily life. In one instance, an elementary school bus driver prohibited students from speaking Spanish on their way to school after Colorado passed its legislation (Zentella, 1997). Businesses have enforced English Only policies at the workplace, mistakenly thinking it is mandated by the state. Although the mandatory use of English in government is legal in states where such legislation has been passed, the private workplace is under no such mandate. California took action in 2002 to clear up the confusion. Though the state passed an Official English constitutional amendment in 1986, this recent law prohibits English Only policies in the workplace â€Å"in recognition of the fact that ‘speak English-only’ rules can be discriminatory because of the close connection between a person’s language and their ethnicity† (ACLU, 2002). Though it does not impose penalties, this law will strengthen the case of workers who file suits. This, coupled with the existing federal law, should make clear to California businesses that workers are entitled to language rights in the workplace. A similar amendment to Illinois’ Human Rights Act went into effect in January of 2004. Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act protects against discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, and national origin (42 U. S. C.  §2000e-2). As a result of Garcia v. Gloor, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) created Guidelines in 1980 to aid businesses in the application of Title VII legislation. According to the Guidelines, language is â€Å"often an essential national origin characteristic† and English Only rules are discriminatory if applied at all times, including breaks and lunch. However businesses may have such a rule if they can show business justification for it (29 C. F. R.  §1606. 7). There are two ways to challenge such policies. The first is disparate treatment, which states that the policy intentionally discriminates on the basis of national origin. The second, more commonly cited, is disparate impact. Here, a seemingly neutral policy disproportionately discriminates against a minority group. Many courts have disregarded the EEOC Guidelines entirely, and even those that have recognized them have sided favorably with the justifications given by the defendant businesses. The two justifications most commonly cited—to promote harmony in the workplace and the need for supervisors to monitor employees—privilege the desires and abilities of English monolinguals over those of their bilingual counterparts. Language use (that is the ability to speak at all, let alone in a chosen language) has been viewed as an employee privilege, not right, that can be granted and rescinded by the employer. On the whole, the courts have ruled that language is not a characteristic of national origin, and that employees that can speak English must speak English when such policies are in place. The â€Å"inconvenience† of speaking English is not grounds for a lawsuit. However, no tests have been introduced to measure the extent of that inconvenience or how much English an employee must know so that they can speak it. Workers who believe they have suffered as a result of workplace language policies first file a complaint with the EEOC. The EEOC investigates the claim in a two-step process. First, the employee must prove the company had an English Only policy. If the policy applied to only parts of the workday, the company is made to illustrate why such a policy was necessary for the operation of the business. If the EEOC believes the reasons of business necessity provided are insufficient, or if the policy covered the entirety of the workday (including breaks and lunch), it will file a lawsuit on behalf of the complainant in state district court. Many times, companies will settle before the case goes to court and will agree to make policy changes and/or pay damages to the affected worker. If the case is heard by a judge at the state district court, the party that is ruled against in the opinion, or decision, has the option of appealing the case, that is, asking the courts to reconsider. If that option is taken, the case goes up to the federal circuit court, which handles the appeals of several district courts. Circuit court cases are usually heard by a panel of three judges, and those in agreement (the majority) write the opinion of the court, while the disagreeing judge is allowed to write a dissent presenting the reasons for disagreement. It is rare, but a rehearing with the same three judges or with all active judges of the specific circuit court (en banc) can occur. If a party is still unhappy with the outcome, they can ask the US Supreme Court to hear the case. This however is entirely at the Supreme Court’s discretion, and it is not obligated to explain why it denies a hearing. (See del Valle, 2003, for a thorough explanation of the legal processes, and the courts’ interpretations of language rights in all facets of society, including the workplace. ) MYTHS OF THE ENGLISH ONLY WORKPLACE The prevailing linguistic ideology promoting homogenization embodies several myths. As the court cases below illustrate, these myths are held both by the employers and the judicial system. They state that English is the language of the United States, yet deny language is a component of national origin. They believe a single language will lead to more effective communication and will create racial harmony. Those who speak a language other than English are characterized variously as insubordinate, disruptive and distracting, rude and vulgar, selfish and discourteous, lazy and untrustworthy, violent, willingly engaging in dangerous and unhealthy habits, and in need of authority to determine what is best for them. In the majority of court cases, workers have been forced to speak English for reasons of safety, morale, and/or ease of management. Uniformity of language is equated with a positive, harmonious, and safe working environment. In each instance, monolingual speakers, usually coworkers, complained about not being able to understand what was being said. Haviland (2003) refers to this as â€Å"linguistic paranoia,† which is defined as the assumption that when those around you speak another language it can only be because they don’t want you to understand the bad things they are saying about you. In each instance, the communicative burden, or the responsibility a participant takes on in order to successfully complete the communicative process, is placed on the b